SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Caisson lock</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caisson lock</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Caisson_(lock_gate)" title="Caisson (lock gate)">Caisson (lock gate)</a>.</div>

</p>

<p>The <b>caisson lock</b> is a type of <a href="Lock_(water_navigation)" title="Lock (water navigation)">canal lock</a> in which a <a href="Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboat</a> is floated into a sealed watertight box and raised or lowered between two different canal water levels. It was invented in the late 18th century as a solution to the problem posed by the excessive demand for water when conventional locks were used to raise and lower canal boats through large height differences. Such locks, each of which would only raise and lower boats through small height differences of a few feet, would not suffice when large height differences had to be tackled nor when water was in short supply. The caisson (or caisoon) was thought to be one solution, although it transpired that the technology of the day was not capable of achieving this type of construction economically.

</p><p>It was designed primarily as a water-saving measure, and also was an attempt to minimise construction costs compared with other engineering solutions of the time. In use, it was capable of replacing up to seven conventional locks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another benefit was increased speed of boat descent/ascent.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The caisson lock was first demonstrated at <a href="Oakengates" title="Oakengates">Oakengates</a> on a now lost section of the <a href="Shropshire_Canal" title="Shropshire Canal">Shropshire Canal</a> in England in 1792, where its inventor, Robert Weldon (c.1754–1810) built a half-scale model. He claimed that his design would solve the problem of water supply in dry seasons or at greater elevations, be cheaper than building aqueducts or tunnels, and be quicker to operate than the number of surface locks his design could replace.<sup id="cite_ref-Billingsley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billingsley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He patented his invention as the 'Hydrostatick Caisson Lock'. The full-sized box, or "trunk",<sup id="cite_ref-Billingsley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billingsley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would probably have displaced about 270 <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> and weighed about 170 tonnes, including the water in it, so about 100 tonnes of ballast would have been needed to give <a href="Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">neutral buoyancy</a>. The box would have needed to be strong enough to withstand the pressure of 50 ft (15 m) of water when at the bottom of the chamber, i.e. about 22 psi (150 kPa) gauge pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first lock was completed in 1797 under Weldon's supervision. The device was demonstrated to the Prince Regent (later <a href="George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV</a>), but was found to suffer from various engineering defects, possibly caused by the soft <a href="Fuller's_earth" title="Fuller's earth">fuller's earth</a> rock stratum in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-water_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method_of_operation">Method of operation</h2></div>

<p>The system depended on the submerged, sealed box (the "<a href="Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caisson</a>", from the French for "large chest"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) being heavily ballasted to achieve neutral <a href="Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, so it was never possible in ordinary operation to lift it to water level to allow a descending boat to float in. Instead, a <a href="Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> chamber ("<a href="Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a>") was built with walls higher than the water level in the top <a href="Canal_pound" title="Canal pound">pound</a> and itself filled completely with water, so that even at its upper position the box remained below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abandonment">Abandonment</h2></div>

<p>The May 1799 test at Oakengates carried a party of investors aboard the vessel, who nearly suffocated before they could be freed. Work on the second lock was suspended (the third lock had not been started) and early in the following year an <a href="Canal_inclined_plane" title="Canal inclined plane">inclined plane</a>, to carry boats' cargoes in wheeled tubs, was built instead. Eventually, a flight of nineteen locks on a longer alignment up the slope was constructed, with a <a href="Boulton_%26_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Watt">Boulton & Watt</a> steam pumping station, capable of lifting 5,000 <a href="Long_ton" title="Long ton">tons</a> of water in 12 hours, to recirculate the water.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_installations">Other installations</h2></div>

<p>In April 1815, the <a href="Regents_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents Canal">Regents Canal Company</a> built a double caisson lock (or "hydro-pneumatic lock"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at the site of the present-day <a href="Camden_Lock" title="Camden Lock">Hampstead Road Lock</a>, north London. The designer was military engineer <a href="Sir_William_Congreve%2C_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet">William Congreve</a>. Here the motivation was, principally, water supply issues but also to effect a quicker passage of vessels, as those going in opposite directions could pass in the lock. The caissons—always submerged, as at <a href="Combe_Hay" title="Combe Hay">Combe Hay</a>—were without bottoms and were arranged so that their sides dropped into deep underwater channels formed by "minor walls" inside the main walls. The vertical movement of the two caissons was effected by a balance pipe ("the channel of communication") passing under the lock floor between the two caisson chambers (but with a slight upturn to reach above the water levels), so that causing an increase of water level in one caisson ("the water of compression") displaced air through the pipe, thus forcing a corresponding decrease in the water level in the other. This increased the buoyancy of the latter caisson, which accordingly rose as the first sank. A connecting underwater chain passing through rollers, while not in itself doing any work, controlled the relative positions. Boats were admitted through double gates; the inside ones on the caisson "adjusted to fit close [<i><a href="Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] to those of the outer".<sup id="cite_ref-modes_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modes-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congreve's patent then envisaged that, having achieved "absolute equipoise" (<a href="Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">neutral buoyancy</a>), a <a href="Rack-and-pinion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rack-and-pinion">rack-and-pinion</a>, removable weights or a small winch could overcome inertia and move the caissons. In a practical demonstration at Hampstead Road, Congreve later elected to deploy an <a href="Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a> releasing into one caisson, estimating that one man could achieve raising and lowering in three minutes—the company's <a href="Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a> did not permit the installation of <a href="Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary steam engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it was found the fastest overall time was six minutes and that the effort required rendered the operator "incapable of further exertion". Furthermore, as the operation of the device depended upon air pressure inside the caissons (whether the means of moving them was by varying this air pressure or otherwise), when contractor <a href="Henry_Maudslay" title="Henry Maudslay">Henry Maudslay</a> delivered them and they were found to leak air, the scheme failed. In 1818, after many unsuccessful repair attempts, the company substituted conventional locks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A patent granted to Jonathan Brownill, a <a href="Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutler</a> from Sheffield, on 1 May 1828, while in principle operating as an open-air <a href="Balance_lock" title="Balance lock">balance lock</a>, was described as using three <i>caissons</i>. The main caisson was connected by ropes passing over grooved pulleys to two smaller, counterbalancing caissons. Brownill's innovation was to place wedges ("inclined planes") opposite the upper and lower fixed openings, so that as the main caisson moved into place, powered by water being added or released from the counterbalancing caissons, rollers acting against the wedges forced it against a padded frame surrounding the opening. The "conductor" was to have control of a lever to release the rollers when the vertical gates were slid shut for the next ascent or descent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<ul><li><a href="Balance_lock" title="Balance lock">Balance lock</a></li>

<li><a href="Canal_inclined_plane" title="Canal inclined plane">Canal inclined plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Lock_(water_navigation)#Diagonal_lock" title="Lock (water navigation)">Diagonal lock</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div>

<ul><li>Clew, Kenneth R (1977): <i>Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways.</i> David and Charles, Newton Abbot, UK. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7153-4792-6</bdi>.</li>

<li>Uhlemann, Hans-Joachim (2002): "Canal Lifts and Inclines of the World" Internat, Horsham, UK. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9543181-1-0</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coalcanal.org/history/Rowley/tLev1.htm">"Levels at Rowley Bottom"</a>. The Somersetshire Coal Canal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Billingsley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Billingsley_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Billingsley_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Weldon, quoted in <cite id="CITEREFBillingsley1795" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Billingsley_(agriculturist)" title="John Billingsley (agriculturist)">Billingsley, John</a> (1795). "Robert Weldon's Hydrostatick or Caisson-Lock". <i>General view of the agriculture of the county of Somerset</i> (1798 ed.). London: Charles Dilly. pp. <span class="nowrap">316–</span>318. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614002204">614002204</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brlsi.org/events-proceedings/proceedings/17761">"The Combe Hay Caisson Lock"</a>. <i>Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013133124/http://rtjhomepages.users.btopenworld.com/historya.html">"History of the Somersetshire Coal Canal"</a>. <i>The Somersetshire Coal Canal (Society)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtjhomepages.users.btopenworld.com/historya.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brlsi.org/events-proceedings/proceedings/17997">"The Somerset Coal Canal"</a>. <i>Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-water-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-water_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011094639/http://rtjhomepages.users.btopenworld.com/caishist.html">"History of the Caisson Lock On the Somersetshire Coal Canal"</a>. <i>The Somersetshire Coal Canal (Society)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rtjhomepages.users.btopenworld.com/caishist.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989</i>, Oxford University Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coalcanal.org/features/Caisson/tCD0a.htm">See diagram.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russell, Ronald (1971): <i>Lost Canals of England and Wales</i>. David and Charles, Newton Abbot, England. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7153-5417-5</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patent 3670, 23 March 1813</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-modes-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-modes_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Patent for the modes of constructing of locks and sluices for canals, etc". <i>The Repertory of Arts Manufactures and Agriculture</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">281–</span>285. 23 March 1813. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6994343">6994343</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1961" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Herbert (1961). <i>London's canal: the history of the Regent's canal</i>. Putnam. p. 36. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3799561">3799561</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkner, Alan (2005): <i>The Regent’s Canal: London’s Hidden Waterway</i>. Waterways World Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781870002592</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spencer 1961, pp 44–45; 49</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Account of new patents". <i>The Repertory of Patent Inventions</i>. <b>8</b>: 466. 1 May 1828. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7922094">7922094</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coalcanal.org/">Somersetshire Coal Canal Society</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Caisson_lock&oldid=1290818513">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>